advps19650007941_1965007941.pdf
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM X-53200 ADVANCED PosT:SATURN : EARTH LUNCH VEHICLE STUDY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY REPORT By J.L. Sanders George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama ABSTRACT The purpose of this report i_to Summarize the results of a study of advanced (chemo-nuclear) Post'Saturn launch vehicles. By investigating vehicles beyond the purely chemical systems, a safeguard is provided against the danger : of being caught short:with relation_e:to future extraterrestrial _operational requirements. = A number of concepts were investigated from three points of view: design, Vehicle-engine integration, and performance. After an extensive process of evaluation and selection, the most promising concepts were studied in greater detail. The results indicate _hat gas core reactor and nuclear pulse engines are both attractive for the advanced Post-Saturn vehicle, and both should be investigated-gated further. If emphasis is on Earth orbit and lunar delivery missions, the gas core reactor shows a slight advantage. The nuclear pulse concept is clearly_ preferable if emphasis is on lunar and planetary deliveries
By J. D. Balcomb L. A. Booth C. P. Robinson T. P. Cotter T. E. Springer J. C. Hedstrom C. W. Watson Abstract Initial considerations are presented for advanced space-propulsion concepts that are based on energy~ production by laser-driven thermonuclear pulses. Preliminary design concepts are compared in which an individual pulse unit,located either internaly or externaly to the system,Imparts ~ me to the SIX?.cecISft. Max?vpulseunits- sequentially discharged and initiated until the desired spacecraft velocity is reached. various means Of shock absorption and shielding against fast neutrons generated by the thermonuclear reactions are investigated.Indications are that the maximum specific impulse for an internal system would be . 2500 see, whereas that for an external system might attain-7500 sec.
FOREWORD Technical studies on nuclear pulse propulsion were initiated in 1957 by the General Atomic Division of General Dynamics Corporation. Early governmental support was awarded in 1958, initially from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). From 1960 to the present, the research support has been continued by the United States Air Force and by General Dynamics Corpora-tion. In July, 1963, the Marshall Space Flight Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration initiated an applications study with General Atomic for determining possible NASA-oriented mission applications of nuclear pulse propulsion, for obtaining a better understanding of key operational questions and potential hazards, and for studying implications to other proposed future NASA programs. Summarized here are the results of the mission-oriented applications study performed for NASA under Contract NAS 8-11053. The study is treated more fully in the expanded summary report and in the technical report on the Nuclear Pulse Vehicle Study, both of which are to be issued subsequently.
AIMStar: Antimatter Initiated Microfusion For Pre-cursor Interstellar Missions Raymond A. Lewis, Kirby Meyer, Gerald A. Smith and Steven D. Howe Laboratory for Elementary Particle Science, Department of Physics The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (814) 863-3076 Abstract. We address the challenge of delivering a scientific payload to 10,000 A.U. in 50 years. This mission may be viewed as a pre-cursor to later missions to Alpha Centauri and beyond. We consider a small, nuclear fusion engine sparked by clouds of antiprotons, and describe the principle and operation of the engine and mission parameters. An R&D program currently in progress is discussed.
Outline. This chapter is organized as follows: 2-l. Outline 2-2. HEMP: detailed discussion a. HEMP generation (1) Gamma radiation (2) Compton scattering (3) Deposi tion region (4) Radiating magnetic field b. HEMP ground coverage c. Field strength vs ground location d. Electric field e. Transients (1) Transient definition (2) HEMP event time phases (3) Qualitative characteristics f . Magne tohydrodynamic EMP (MHD-EMP) (1) Early-phase generation (2) Late-phase generation (3) Electronic surge arresters
Variations in high-altitude EMP peak electric field strength as a function of direction and distance from surface zero. (Source: ref 2-l)
W.L. Chen, Y.C. Luan, M.C. Shieh, S.T. Chen, H.T. Kung, K.L. Soong, Y.C. Yeh, T.S. Chou, S.H. Mong, J.T. Wu, C.P. Sun,W.P. Deng,M.F. Wu,M.L.Shen Is Chronic Radiation an Effective Prophylaxis Against Cancer? ABSTRACT An extraordinary incident occurred 20 years ago in Taiwan. Recycled steel, accidentally contaminated with cobalt-60 (half-life: 5.3 y), was formed into construction steel for more than 180 buildings, which 10,000 persons occupied for 9 to 20 years. They unknowingly received radiation doses that averaged 0.4 Sva i.collective dosell of 4,000 person-Sv. Based on the observed seven cancer deaths, the cancer mortality rate for this population was assessed to be 3.5 per 100,000 person-years. Three children were born with congenital heart malformations, indicating a prevalence rate of 1.5 cases per 1,000 children under age 19. The average spontaneous cancer death rate in the general population of Taiwan over these 20 years is 116 persons per 100,000 person-years. Based upon partial official statistics and hospital experience, the prevalence rate of congenital malformation is 23 cases per 1,000 children. Assuming the age and income distributions of these persons are the same as for the general population, it appears that significant beneficial health effects may be associated with this chronic radiation exposure. The findings of this study are such a departure from expectations, based on International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) criteria, that we believe that they ought to be carefully reviewed by other, independent organizations and that population data not available to the authors be provided, so that a fully qualified, epidemiologically valid analysis can be made. Many of the confounding factors that limit other studies used to date, such as those of the A-bomb survivors, the Mayak workers, and the Chernobyl evacuees, are not present in this population exposure. It should be one of the most important events on which to base radiation-protection standards.
Orion - Based on the Dahe hull, the yellow fuel tanks less brightly coloured, with a big heavy-looking plate supported by three struts angling out and one thicker central strut, behind it. Remove most of the Dahe's weaponry while keeping the round-from-the-top, wedge like-from-the-side profiles. The strutwork isn't built to be pulled... it's built to be shoved on REALLY hard and should look it.
ethics terraforming PINSON.PDF
The colonization of outer space, especially Mars, has become increasingly relevant in recent years. With technological advances and biological discoveries, Mars is perceived as more hospitable to life than previously imag-ined. Just recently, the Mars Odyssey spacecraft has discov-ered vast quantities of ice on Mars. 1 As a result, long-term projects like the colonization, or even terraformation, of Mars are becoming less daunting. 2 This Dialogue addresses novel concerns of environment-tal ethics and safety as humans begin their expansion be-yond earth. The Dialogue then presents an argument for the terraforming of Mars. It is inevitable that humans will live on other moons or planets; it is only a matter of when.
ANTIPROTON-CATALYZED MICROFISSION/FUSION PROPULSION SYSTEMS FOR EXPLORATION OF THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM AND BEYOND G. Gaidos, R.A. Lewis and G.A. Smith Department of Physics The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 B. Dundore Department of Aerospace Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 S. Chakrabarti Department of Mechanical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 ABSTRACT Production and trapping of small numbers of antiprotons for space applications are reviewed, setting the stage for antiproton-catalyzed microfission/fusion (ACMF) reactions as a source of propulsive power. A spacecraft designed around an ACMF engine has been designed. Details, including Isp, thrust, structural features, power systems, radiation shields, ion drivers, payload and system masses, are reviewed. Staging of the spacecraft in space, including requisite propulsion and trajectory parameters and scientific goals for aggressive (Isp=13,000 sec, thrust=180 kN, DV=100 km/sec) outer solar system and extraplanetary missions, is discussed.
SOME SCHEMES FOR NUCLEAR PROPUU310N By C. Longmire . F. Re~nes S. Ulam
Anti Space Introduction: To Hear Us Talk The most radical change in the human condition we can imagine would be an emigration of men from the Earth to some other planet. . . . Neither labor nor work nor action nor, indeed, thought as we know it would then make sense any longer. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition
los alamos primer 00349710.pdf
The following notes are based on a set of five lectures given by R. Serber during the first two UIFIB weeks of April 1943, as an indoctrination course in connection with the starting of the Las Alamos Project. The notes were written up by E. U. Condon.
2.2 The Why Mars Workshop In August 1992, a workshop was held at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas, to address the whys of Mars exploration.
At present, the information required to calculate acceptable risk from radiation exposure during a Mars mission, especially for the GCR, is not available. Although doses (the average physical energy deposition by incident particles) can be calculated, the conversion of this information into a predicted radiation risk cannot be done accurately. The National Research Council recently issued a report estimating the uncertainty in risk predictions for GCR can be as much as 4-15 times greater than the actual risk, or as much as 4-15 times smaller.
Nuc reactors rover 00339473.pdf
LA-2051 ABSTRACT The immediate ohjective of the LASL nuclear propulsion (Rover) progrsn is the development of a heat exchanger reactor systx?mutilizing uranium-graphite fuel regarded as the first systems for missiles. elements and ammonia propellant. This progrsm is step in the development of nuclesr propulsion The major tasks of the progrsm include the invest-igation of :materialsat high tx?mperatures,development of fuel elements, investigation c)fbasic reactor characteristics, investigation of engine control problems, detailed engine design and ground testing. The organ-ization and scheduling of the initial development program have been worked out in some detail. the projection of this work Only rather general ideas exist concerning beyond 1958.
LA-2051 FOREWORD In the early part of 1954, there were issued two reports (LA-1632 and 1633) summarizing the weapons activities at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. These reports were intended primarily for new staff members of the Laboratory and for interested the Armed Forces and the Atomic Energy Commission. the information of representatives of During the past two or three years, the work of the Laboratory has greatly expanded into applications of nuclear energy which are significant for national defense and security, but are not directly comected with weapons development. It WZS felt, therefore, that a description of the nonweapons activities of the Lab-oratory would serve a useful purpose at this time. For classification reasons, it has been necessary to issue the report in three parts; the first is concerned with controlled thermonuclear reac-tions, the second with nuclear propulsion, and the third with power reactor experiments. As with the reports on weapons activities, the present re-ports are not intended to discuss the various topics in great detail, but rather to describe the underlying principles. Their basic purpose is to present a general background of the subject and to indicate the lines along which work is in progress in the Laboratory. It is in hope that the mate-rial contained in them will prove useful to new concerned with the activities of the Laboratory prepared. staff members and to others that these reports have been Norris E. Bradbury Director
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nuke rocket engine 00397413.pdf
Nuclear Rocket Reference Data Prepared by J. D. Balcomb A brief description of the design and operating characteristics of a nuclear rocket engine is presented.The engine has a mass of approx. 2550 kg and is designed to operate at a specific impulse of 875 s for one hour at a thrust of 73 000 N or at a specific impulse of 860 s for two bars at a thrustof 71 TOO I?. The startup, shutdown,and cooldmm performance characteristics are described.operatingcharacteristics specialto a nuclear engine are summarized including radiation environment,nuclear criticality safety,prestart conditioning, and postrun deadbends.The technology statueend proposed development schedule of the engine are discussed.The grcuth potentiel of the engineto a 975-s specific-- se version ticorporating c=bide faelelemmts is presented,and the potential of the reactor to double as a heat scurce for a long-term 1O-kW electrical power supply is discussed.
A Review of Fuel Element Development for Nuclear Rocket Engines nuke tests to 1992 nv209nar.pdf United States Nuclear Tests July 1945 Through September 1992
History of the Nevada Test Site and Nuclear Testing Background
Test: ANTLER Date: 09/15/61
Vol 1 Summary image
Maximum secific impulse 1963
positron AF Edwards_Kenneth.pdf
Air Force Research Laboratory Propulsion And Power With Positrons NIAC Fellows Meeting 24 Mar 2004 Propulsion And Power With Positrons NIAC Fellows Meeting 24 Mar 2004 Ken Edwards Director, Rev Mun IPT Munitions Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory
Mini-MagOrion
GAMD-472 August 1958 Compression stress waves and energy loss in the pusher
Radionuclides in nature
CANADIAN EMERGENCY MEASURES COLLEGE RADIOLOGICAL DEFENCE OFFICERS
Antimatter Anhilation Propulsion image
Interstellar magnetic steering 2 year turnaround possible?
RForward Interstellar tp083.pdf
Feasability of Interstellar Travel
Laser weapons applied to light sails
Starwisp:Ultra light interstellar probe.
Russian Orion 25m spherical plate
Radiocaesium Transfer to Roe Deer and Moose
Occurrence of 137 Cs in Forest Biofuels Swedish Rad ProtSSIn1-99 PM.pdf
RTD TDR 63 3006 tech-sum vol IV part 1 Experimantal Structural Response
RTD TDR 63 3006 tech-sum vol IV part 2 Experimantal Structural Response
RTD TDR 63 3006 tech-sum vol IV part 3 Experimantal Structural Response
ugnd Test Radiation nv-317.pdf
RADIOLOGICAL EFFLUENTS RELEASED FROM U.S. CONTINENTAL TESTS 1961 THROUGH 1992
ulam 1955EXT NUCLEAR 350011.pdf
ON A METHOD OF PROPULSION OF PROJECTILES BY MEANS OF EXTERNAL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS PART I C. J. Everett S. M. Ulam
SOME SCHEMES FOR NUCLEAR PROPUU310N By C. Longmire F. Reines S. Ulam
Mars has long beckoned to humankind from its travels high in the night sky. The ancients assumed this rust-red wanderer was the god of war and christened it with the name we still use today.